JEL Classification Codes
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JEL Classification Codes ome aGeneral Categories
| A1 | General Economics | |
| A10 | General | |
| A11 | Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists | |
| A12 | Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines | |
| A13 | Relation of Economics to Social Values | |
| A14 | Sociology of Economics | |
| A19 | Other | |
| A2 | Economic Education and Teaching of Economics | |
| A20 | General | |
| A21 | Pre-college | |
| A22 | Undergraduate | |
| A23 | Graduate | |
| A29 | Other | |
| A3 | Collective Works | |
| A30 | General | |
| A31 | Collected Writings of Individuals | |
| A32 | Collective Volumes | |
| A33 | Handbooks | |
| A39 | Other | |
| B00 | General | |
| B1 | History of Economic Thought through 1925 | |
| B10 | General | |
| B11 | Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic) | |
| B12 | Classical (includes Adam Smith) | |
| B13 | Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian) | |
| B14 | Socialist • Marxist | |
| B15 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary | |
| B16 | Quantitative and Mathematical | |
| B17 | International Trade and Finance | |
| B19 | Other | |
| B2 | History of Economic Thought since 1925 | |
| B20 | General | |
| B21 | Microeconomics | |
| B22 | Macroeconomics | |
| B23 | Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies | |
| B24 | Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian | |
| B25 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School | |
| B26 | Financial Economics | |
| B27 | International Trade and Finance | |
| B29 | Other | |
| B3 | History of Economic Thought: Individuals | |
| B30 | General | |
| B31 | Individuals | |
| B32 | Obituaries | |
| B4 | Economic Methodology | |
| B40 | General | |
| B41 | Economic Methodology | |
| B49 | Other | |
| B5 | Current Heterodox Approaches | |
| B50 | General | |
| B51 | Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian | |
| B52 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory | |
| B53 | Austrian | |
| B54 | Feminist Economics | |
| B55 | Social Economics | |
| B59 | Other | |
| C00 | General | |
| C01 | Econometrics | |
| C02 | Mathematical Methods | |
| C1 | Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General | |
| C10 | General | |
| C11 | Bayesian Analysis: General | |
| C12 | Hypothesis Testing: General | |
| C13 | Estimation: General | |
| C14 | Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General | |
| C15 | Statistical Simulation Methods: General | |
| C18 | Methodological Issues: General | |
| C19 | Other | |
| C2 | Single Equation Models • Single Variables | |
| C20 | General | |
| C21 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions | |
| C22 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes | |
| C23 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models | |
| C24 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models | |
| C25 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities | |
| C26 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation | |
| C29 | Other | |
| C3 | Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables | |
| C30 | General | |
| C31 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models | |
| C32 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models | |
| C33 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models | |
| C34 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models | |
| C35 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions | |
| C36 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation | |
| C38 | Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models | |
| C39 | Other | |
| C4 | Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics | |
| C40 | General | |
| C41 | Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies | |
| C43 | Index Numbers and Aggregation | |
| C44 | Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory | |
| C45 | Neural Networks and Related Topics | |
| C46 | Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics | |
| C49 | Other | |
| C5 | Econometric Modeling | |
| C50 | General | |
| C51 | Model Construction and Estimation | |
| C52 | Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection | |
| C53 | Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods | |
| C54 | Quantitative Policy Modeling | |
| C55 | Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis | |
| C57 | Econometrics of Games and Auctions | |
| C58 | Financial Econometrics | |
| C59 | Other | |
| C6 | Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling | |
| C60 | General | |
| C61 | Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis | |
| C62 | Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium | |
| C63 | Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling | |
| C65 | Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools | |
| C67 | Input–Output Models | |
| C68 | Computable General Equilibrium Models | |
| C69 | Other | |
| C7 | Game Theory and Bargaining Theory | |
| C70 | General | |
| C71 | Cooperative Games | |
| C72 | Noncooperative Games | |
| C73 | Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games | |
| C78 | Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory | |
| C79 | Other | |
| C8 | Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs | |
| C80 | General | |
| C81 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access | |
| C82 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access | |
| C83 | Survey Methods • Sampling Methods | |
| C87 | Econometric Software | |
| C88 | Other Computer Software | |
| C89 | Other | |
| C9 | Design of Experiments | |
| C90 | General | |
| C91 | Laboratory, Individual Behavior | |
| C92 | Laboratory, Group Behavior | |
| C93 | Field Experiments | |
| C99 | Other | |
| D00 | General | |
| D01 | Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles | |
| D02 | Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact | |
| D04 | Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation | |
| D1 | Household Behavior and Family Economics | |
| D10 | General | |
| D11 | Consumer Economics: Theory | |
| D12 | Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis | |
| D13 | Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation | |
| D14 | Household Saving • Personal Finance | |
| D15 | Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving | |
| D16 | Collaborative Consumption | |
| D18 | Consumer Protection | |
| D19 | Other | |
| D2 | Production and Organizations | |
| D20 | General | |
| D21 | Firm Behavior: Theory | |
| D22 | Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis | |
| D23 | Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights | |
| D24 | Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity | |
| D25 | Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing | |
| D26 | Crowd-Based Firms | |
| D29 | Other | |
| D3 | Distribution | |
| D30 | General | |
| D31 | Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions | |
| D33 | Factor Income Distribution | |
| D39 | Other | |
| D4 | Market Structure, Pricing, and Design | |
| D40 | General | |
| D41 | Perfect Competition | |
| D42 | Monopoly | |
| D43 | Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection | |
| D44 | Auctions | |
| D45 | Rationing • Licensing | |
| D46 | Value Theory | |
| D47 | Market Design | |
| D49 | Other | |
| D5 | General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium | |
| D50 | General | |
| D51 | Exchange and Production Economies | |
| D52 | Incomplete Markets | |
| D53 | Financial Markets | |
| D57 | Input–Output Tables and Analysis | |
| D58 | Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models | |
| D59 | Other | |
| D6 | Welfare Economics | |
| D60 | General | |
| D61 | Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis | |
| D62 | Externalities | |
| D63 | Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement | |
| D64 | Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers | |
| D69 | Other | |
| D7 | Analysis of Collective Decision-Making | |
| D70 | General | |
| D71 | Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations | |
| D72 | Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior | |
| D73 | Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption | |
| D74 | Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions | |
| D78 | Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation | |
| D79 | Other | |
| D8 | Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty | |
| D80 | General | |
| D81 | Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty | |
| D82 | Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design | |
| D83 | Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness | |
| D84 | Expectations • Speculations | |
| D85 | Network Formation and Analysis: Theory | |
| D86 | Economics of Contract: Theory | |
| D87 | Neuroeconomics | |
| D89 | Other | |
| D9 | Micro-Based Behavioral Economics | |
| D90 | General | |
| D91 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making | |
| E00 | General | |
| E01 | Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts | |
| E02 | Institutions and the Macroeconomy | |
| E1 | General Aggregative Models | |
| E10 | General | |
| E11 | Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian | |
| E12 | Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory | |
| E13 | Neoclassical | |
| E14 | Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional | |
| E16 | Social Accounting Matrix | |
| E17 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| E19 | Other | |
| E2 | Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy | |
| E20 | General | |
| E21 | Consumption • Saving • Wealth | |
| E22 | Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity | |
| E23 | Production | |
| E24 | Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity | |
| E25 | Aggregate Factor Income Distribution | |
| E26 | Informal Economy • Underground Economy | |
| E27 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| E29 | Other | |
| E3 | Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles | |
| E30 | General | |
| E31 | Price Level • Inflation • Deflation | |
| E32 | Business Fluctuations • Cycles | |
| E37 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| E39 | Other | |
| E4 | Money and Interest Rates | |
| E40 | General | |
| E41 | Demand for Money | |
| E42 | Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems | |
| E43 | Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects | |
| E44 | Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy | |
| E47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| E49 | Other | |
| E5 | Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit | |
| E50 | General | |
| E51 | Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers | |
| E52 | Monetary Policy | |
| E58 | Central Banks and Their Policies | |
| E59 | Other | |
| E6 | Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook | |
| E60 | General | |
| E61 | Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination | |
| E62 | Fiscal Policy | |
| E63 | Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy | |
| E64 | Incomes Policy • Price Policy | |
| E65 | Studies of Particular Policy Episodes | |
| E66 | General Outlook and Conditions | |
| E69 | Other | |
| E7 | Macro-Based Behavioral Economics | |
| E70 | General | |
| E71 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy | |
| F00 | General | |
| F01 | Global Outlook | |
| F02 | International Economic Order and Integration | |
| F1 | Trade | |
| F10 | General | |
| F11 | Neoclassical Models of Trade | |
| F12 | Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation | |
| F13 | Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations | |
| F14 | Empirical Studies of Trade | |
| F15 | Economic Integration | |
| F16 | Trade and Labor Market Interactions | |
| F17 | Trade Forecasting and Simulation | |
| F18 | Trade and Environment | |
| F19 | Other | |
| F2 | International Factor Movements and International Business | |
| F20 | General | |
| F21 | International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements | |
| F22 | International Migration | |
| F23 | Multinational Firms • International Business | |
| F24 | Remittances | |
| F29 | Other | |
| F3 | International Finance | |
| F30 | General | |
| F31 | Foreign Exchange | |
| F32 | Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements | |
| F33 | International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions | |
| F34 | International Lending and Debt Problems | |
| F35 | Foreign Aid | |
| F36 | Financial Aspects of Economic Integration | |
| F37 | International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| F38 | International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls | |
| F39 | Other | |
| F4 | Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance | |
| F40 | General | |
| F41 | Open Economy Macroeconomics | |
| F42 | International Policy Coordination and Transmission | |
| F43 | Economic Growth of Open Economies | |
| F44 | International Business Cycles | |
| F45 | Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions | |
| F47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications | |
| F49 | Other | |
| F5 | International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy | |
| F50 | General | |
| F51 | International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions | |
| F52 | National Security • Economic Nationalism | |
| F53 | International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations | |
| F54 | Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism | |
| F55 | International Institutional Arrangements | |
| F59 | Other | |
| F6 | Economic Impacts of Globalization | |
| F60 | General | |
| F61 | Microeconomic Impacts | |
| F62 | Macroeconomic Impacts | |
| F63 | Economic Development | |
| F64 | Environment | |
| F65 | Finance | |
| F66 | Labor | |
| F68 | Policy | |
| F69 | Other | |
| G00 | General | |
| G01 | Financial Crises | |
| G1 | General Financial Markets | |
| G10 | General | |
| G11 | Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions | |
| G12 | Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates | |
| G13 | Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing | |
| G14 | Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading | |
| G15 | International Financial Markets | |
| G17 | Financial Forecasting and Simulation | |
| G18 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
| G19 | Other | |
| G2 | Financial Institutions and Services | |
| G20 | General | |
| G21 | Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages | |
| G22 | Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies | |
| G23 | Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors | |
| G24 | Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies | |
| G28 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
| G29 | Other | |
| G3 | Corporate Finance and Governance | |
| G30 | General | |
| G31 | Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity | |
| G32 | Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill | |
| G33 | Bankruptcy • Liquidation | |
| G34 | Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance | |
| G35 | Payout Policy | |
| G38 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
| G39 | Other | |
| G4 | Behavioral Finance | |
| G40 | General | |
| G41 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets | |
| G5 | Household Finance | |
| G50 | General | |
| G51 | Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth | |
| G52 | Insurance | |
| G53 | Financial Literacy | |
| G59 | Other | |
| H00 | General | |
| H1 | Structure and Scope of Government | |
| H10 | General | |
| H11 | Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government | |
| H12 | Crisis Management | |
| H13 | Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization | |
| H19 | Other | |
| H2 | Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue | |
| H20 | General | |
| H21 | Efficiency • Optimal Taxation | |
| H22 | Incidence | |
| H23 | Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies | |
| H24 | Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies | |
| H25 | Business Taxes and Subsidies | |
| H26 | Tax Evasion and Avoidance | |
| H27 | Other Sources of Revenue | |
| H29 | Other | |
| H3 | Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents | |
| H30 | General | |
| H31 | Household | |
| H32 | Firm | |
| H39 | Other | |
| H4 | Publicly Provided Goods | |
| H40 | General | |
| H41 | Public Goods | |
| H42 | Publicly Provided Private Goods | |
| H43 | Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate | |
| H44 | Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets | |
| H49 | Other | |
| H5 | National Government Expenditures and Related Policies | |
| H50 | General | |
| H51 | Government Expenditures and Health | |
| H52 | Government Expenditures and Education | |
| H53 | Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs | |
| H54 | Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock | |
| H55 | Social Security and Public Pensions | |
| H56 | National Security and War | |
| H57 | Procurement | |
| H59 | Other | |
| H6 | National Budget, Deficit, and Debt | |
| H60 | General | |
| H61 | Budget • Budget Systems | |
| H62 | Deficit • Surplus | |
| H63 | Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt | |
| H68 | Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt | |
| H69 | Other | |
| H7 | State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations | |
| H70 | General | |
| H71 | State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue | |
| H72 | State and Local Budget and Expenditures | |
| H73 | Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects | |
| H74 | State and Local Borrowing | |
| H75 | State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions | |
| H76 | State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories | |
| H77 | Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession | |
| H79 | Other | |
| H8 | Miscellaneous Issues | |
| H80 | General | |
| H81 | Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts | |
| H82 | Governmental Property | |
| H83 | Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits | |
| H84 | Disaster Aid | |
| H87 | International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods | |
| H89 | Other | |
| I00 | General | |
| I1 | Health | |
| I10 | General | |
| I11 | Analysis of Health Care Markets | |
| I12 | Health Behavior | |
| I13 | Health Insurance, Public and Private | |
| I14 | Health and Inequality | |
| I15 | Health and Economic Development | |
| I18 | Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health | |
| I19 | Other | |
| I2 | Education and Research Institutions | |
| I20 | General | |
| I21 | Analysis of Education | |
| I22 | Educational Finance • Financial Aid | |
| I23 | Higher Education • Research Institutions | |
| I24 | Education and Inequality | |
| I25 | Education and Economic Development | |
| I26 | Returns to Education | |
| I28 | Government Policy | |
| I29 | Other | |
| I3 | Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty | |
| I30 | General | |
| I31 | General Welfare, Well-Being | |
| I32 | Measurement and Analysis of Poverty | |
| I38 | Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs | |
| I39 | Other | |
| J00 | General | |
| J01 | Labor Economics: General | |
| J08 | Labor Economics Policies | |
| J1 | Demographic Economics | |
| J10 | General | |
| J11 | Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts | |
| J12 | Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse | |
| J13 | Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth | |
| J14 | Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination | |
| J15 | Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination | |
| J16 | Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination | |
| J17 | Value of Life • Forgone Income | |
| J18 | Public Policy | |
| J19 | Other | |
| J2 | Demand and Supply of Labor | |
| J20 | General | |
| J21 | Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure | |
| J22 | Time Allocation and Labor Supply | |
| J23 | Labor Demand | |
| J24 | Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity | |
| J26 | Retirement • Retirement Policies | |
| J28 | Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy | |
| J29 | Other | |
| J3 | Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs | |
| J30 | General | |
| J31 | Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials | |
| J32 | Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions | |
| J33 | Compensation Packages • Payment Methods | |
| J38 | Public Policy | |
| J39 | Other | |
| J4 | Particular Labor Markets | |
| J40 | General | |
| J41 | Labor Contracts | |
| J42 | Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets | |
| J43 | Agricultural Labor Markets | |
| J44 | Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing | |
| J45 | Public Sector Labor Markets | |
| J46 | Informal Labor Markets | |
| J47 | Coercive Labor Markets | |
| J48 | Public Policy | |
| J49 | Other | |
| J5 | Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining | |
| J50 | General | |
| J51 | Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects | |
| J52 | Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining | |
| J53 | Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence | |
| J54 | Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership | |
| J58 | Public Policy | |
| J59 | Other | |
| J6 | Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers | |
| J60 | General | |
| J61 | Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers | |
| J62 | Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility | |
| J63 | Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs | |
| J64 | Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search | |
| J65 | Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings | |
| J68 | Public Policy | |
| J69 | Other | |
| J7 | Labor Discrimination | |
| J70 | General | |
| J71 | Discrimination | |
| J78 | Public Policy | |
| J79 | Other | |
| J8 | Labor Standards: National and International | |
| J80 | General | |
| J81 | Working Conditions | |
| J82 | Labor Force Composition | |
| J83 | Workers' Rights | |
| J88 | Public Policy | |
| J89 | Other | |
| K00 | General | |
| K1 | Basic Areas of Law | |
| K10 | General | |
| K11 | Property Law | |
| K12 | Contract Law | |
| K13 | Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics | |
| K14 | Criminal Law | |
| K15 | Civil Law • Common Law | |
| K16 | Election Law | |
| K19 | Other | |
| K2 | Regulation and Business Law | |
| K20 | General | |
| K21 | Antitrust Law | |
| K22 | Business and Securities Law | |
| K23 | Regulated Industries and Administrative Law | |
| K24 | Cyber Law | |
| K25 | Real Estate Law | |
| K29 | Other | |
| K3 | Other Substantive Areas of Law | |
| K30 | General | |
| K31 | Labor Law | |
| K32 | Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law | |
| K33 | International Law | |
| K34 | Tax Law | |
| K35 | Personal Bankruptcy Law | |
| K36 | Family and Personal Law | |
| K37 | Immigration Law | |
| K38 | Human Rights Law • Gender Law | |
| K39 | Other | |
| K4 | Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior | |
| K40 | General | |
| K41 | Litigation Process | |
| K42 | Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law | |
| K49 | Other | |
| L00 | General | |
| L1 | Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance | |
| L10 | General | |
| L11 | Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms | |
| L12 | Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies | |
| L13 | Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets | |
| L14 | Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks | |
| L15 | Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility | |
| L16 | Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices | |
| L17 | Open Source Products and Markets | |
| L19 | Other | |
| L2 | Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior | |
| L20 | General | |
| L21 | Business Objectives of the Firm | |
| L22 | Firm Organization and Market Structure | |
| L23 | Organization of Production | |
| L24 | Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing | |
| L25 | Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope | |
| L26 | Entrepreneurship | |
| L29 | Other | |
| L3 | Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise | |
| L30 | General | |
| L31 | Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship | |
| L32 | Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises | |
| L33 | Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out | |
| L38 | Public Policy | |
| L39 | Other | |
| L4 | Antitrust Issues and Policies | |
| L40 | General | |
| L41 | Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices | |
| L42 | Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts | |
| L43 | Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation | |
| L44 | Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations | |
| L49 | Other | |
| L5 | Regulation and Industrial Policy | |
| L50 | General | |
| L51 | Economics of Regulation | |
| L52 | Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods | |
| L53 | Enterprise Policy | |
| L59 | Other | |
| L6 | Industry Studies: Manufacturing | |
| L60 | General | |
| L61 | Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics | |
| L62 | Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment | |
| L63 | Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment | |
| L64 | Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments | |
| L65 | Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics | |
| L66 | Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits | |
| L67 | Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment | |
| L68 | Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables | |
| L69 | Other | |
| L7 | Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction | |
| L70 | General | |
| L71 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels | |
| L72 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources | |
| L73 | Forest Products | |
| L74 | Construction | |
| L78 | Government Policy | |
| L79 | Other | |
| L8 | Industry Studies: Services | |
| L80 | General | |
| L81 | Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce | |
| L82 | Entertainment • Media | |
| L83 | Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism | |
| L84 | Personal, Professional, and Business Services | |
| L85 | Real Estate Services | |
| L86 | Information and Internet Services • Computer Software | |
| L87 | Postal and Delivery Services | |
| L88 | Government Policy | |
| L89 | Other | |
| L9 | Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities | |
| L90 | General | |
| L91 | Transportation: General | |
| L92 | Railroads and Other Surface Transportation | |
| L93 | Air Transportation | |
| L94 | Electric Utilities | |
| L95 | Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities | |
| L96 | Telecommunications | |
| L97 | Utilities: General | |
| L98 | Government Policy | |
| L99 | Other | |
| M00 | General | |
| M1 | Business Administration | |
| M10 | General | |
| M11 | Production Management | |
| M12 | Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation | |
| M13 | New Firms • Startups | |
| M14 | Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility | |
| M15 | IT Management | |
| M16 | International Business Administration | |
| M19 | Other | |
| M2 | Business Economics | |
| M20 | General | |
| M21 | Business Economics | |
| M29 | Other | |
| M3 | Marketing and Advertising | |
| M30 | General | |
| M31 | Marketing | |
| M37 | Advertising | |
| M38 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
| M39 | Other | |
| M4 | Accounting and Auditing | |
| M40 | General | |
| M41 | Accounting | |
| M42 | Auditing | |
| M48 | Government Policy and Regulation | |
| M49 | Other | |
| M5 | Personnel Economics | |
| M50 | General | |
| M51 | Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions | |
| M52 | Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects | |
| M53 | Training | |
| M54 | Labor Management | |
| M55 | Labor Contracting Devices | |
| M59 | Other | |
| N00 | General | |
| N01 | Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods | |
| N1 | Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations | |
| N10 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N11 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N12 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N13 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N14 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N15 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N16 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N17 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N2 | Financial Markets and Institutions | |
| N20 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N21 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N22 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N23 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N24 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N25 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N26 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N27 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N3 | Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy | |
| N30 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N31 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N32 | U.S. • Canada: 1913- | |
| N33 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N34 | Europe: 1913- | |
| N35 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N36 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N37 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N4 | Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation | |
| N40 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N41 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N42 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N43 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N44 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N45 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N46 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N47 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N5 | Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries | |
| N50 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N51 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N52 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N53 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N54 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N55 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N56 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N57 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N6 | Manufacturing and Construction | |
| N60 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N61 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N62 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N63 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N64 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N65 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N66 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N67 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N7 | Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services | |
| N70 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N71 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N72 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N73 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N74 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N75 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N76 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N77 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N8 | Micro-Business History | |
| N80 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N81 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N82 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N83 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N84 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N85 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N86 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N87 | Africa • Oceania | |
| N9 | Regional and Urban History | |
| N90 | General, International, or Comparative | |
| N91 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 | |
| N92 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– | |
| N93 | Europe: Pre-1913 | |
| N94 | Europe: 1913– | |
| N95 | Asia including Middle East | |
| N96 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| N97 | Africa • Oceania | |
| O1 | Economic Development | |
| O10 | General | |
| O11 | Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development | |
| O12 | Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development | |
| O13 | Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products | |
| O14 | Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology | |
| O15 | Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration | |
| O16 | Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance | |
| O17 | Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements | |
| O18 | Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure | |
| O19 | International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations | |
| O2 | Development Planning and Policy | |
| O20 | General | |
| O21 | Planning Models • Planning Policy | |
| O22 | Project Analysis | |
| O23 | Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development | |
| O24 | Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy | |
| O25 | Industrial Policy | |
| O29 | Other | |
| O3 | Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights | |
| O30 | General | |
| O31 | Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives | |
| O32 | Management of Technological Innovation and R&D | |
| O33 | Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes | |
| O34 | Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital | |
| O35 | Social Innovation | |
| O36 | Open Innovation | |
| O38 | Government Policy | |
| O39 | Other | |
| O4 | Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity | |
| O40 | General | |
| O41 | One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models | |
| O42 | Monetary Growth Models | |
| O43 | Institutions and Growth | |
| O44 | Environment and Growth | |
| O47 | Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence | |
| O49 | Other | |
| O5 | Economywide Country Studies | |
| O50 | General | |
| O51 | U.S. • Canada | |
| O52 | Europe | |
| O53 | Asia including Middle East | |
| O54 | Latin America • Caribbean | |
| O55 | Africa | |
| O56 | Oceania | |
| O57 | Comparative Studies of Countries | |
| P00 | General | |
| P1 | Capitalist Systems | |
| P10 | General | |
| P11 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
| P12 | Capitalist Enterprises | |
| P13 | Cooperative Enterprises | |
| P14 | Property Rights | |
| P16 | Political Economy | |
| P17 | Performance and Prospects | |
| P18 | Energy • Environment | |
| P19 | Other | |
| P2 | Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies | |
| P20 | General | |
| P21 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
| P22 | Prices | |
| P23 | Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population | |
| P24 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation | |
| P25 | Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics | |
| P26 | Political Economy • Property Rights | |
| P27 | Performance and Prospects | |
| P28 | Natural Resources • Energy • Environment | |
| P29 | Other | |
| P3 | Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions | |
| P30 | General | |
| P31 | Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions | |
| P32 | Collectives • Communes • Agriculture | |
| P33 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid | |
| P34 | Financial Economics | |
| P35 | Public Economics | |
| P36 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty | |
| P37 | Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior | |
| P39 | Other | |
| P4 | Other Economic Systems | |
| P40 | General | |
| P41 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform | |
| P42 | Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population | |
| P43 | Public Economics • Financial Economics | |
| P44 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation | |
| P45 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid | |
| P46 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty | |
| P47 | Performance and Prospects | |
| P48 | Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies | |
| P49 | Other | |
| P5 | Comparative Economic Systems | |
| P50 | General | |
| P51 | Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems | |
| P52 | Comparative Studies of Particular Economies | |
| P59 | Other | |
| Q00 | General | |
| Q01 | Sustainable Development | |
| Q02 | Commodity Markets | |
| Q1 | Agriculture | |
| Q10 | General | |
| Q11 | Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices | |
| Q12 | Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets | |
| Q13 | Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness | |
| Q14 | Agricultural Finance | |
| Q15 | Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment | |
| Q16 | R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services | |
| Q17 | Agriculture in International Trade | |
| Q18 | Agricultural Policy • Food Policy | |
| Q19 | Other | |
| Q2 | Renewable Resources and Conservation | |
| Q20 | General | |
| Q21 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
| Q22 | Fishery • Aquaculture | |
| Q23 | Forestry | |
| Q24 | Land | |
| Q25 | Water | |
| Q26 | Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources | |
| Q27 | Issues in International Trade | |
| Q28 | Government Policy | |
| Q29 | Other | |
| Q3 | Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation | |
| Q30 | General | |
| Q31 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
| Q32 | Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development | |
| Q33 | Resource Booms | |
| Q34 | Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts | |
| Q35 | Hydrocarbon Resources | |
| Q37 | Issues in International Trade | |
| Q38 | Government Policy | |
| Q39 | Other | |
| Q4 | Energy | |
| Q40 | General | |
| Q41 | Demand and Supply • Prices | |
| Q42 | Alternative Energy Sources | |
| Q43 | Energy and the Macroeconomy | |
| Q47 | Energy Forecasting | |
| Q48 | Government Policy | |
| Q49 | Other | |
| Q5 | Environmental Economics | |
| Q50 | General | |
| Q51 | Valuation of Environmental Effects | |
| Q52 | Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects | |
| Q53 | Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling | |
| Q54 | Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming | |
| Q55 | Technological Innovation | |
| Q56 | Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth | |
| Q57 | Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology | |
| Q58 | Government Policy | |
| Q59 | Other | |
| R00 | General | |
| R1 | General Regional Economics | |
| R10 | General | |
| R11 | Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes | |
| R12 | Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity | |
| R13 | General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies | |
| R14 | Land Use Patterns | |
| R15 | Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models | |
| R19 | Other | |
| R2 | Household Analysis | |
| R20 | General | |
| R21 | Housing Demand | |
| R22 | Other Demand | |
| R23 | Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics | |
| R28 | Government Policy | |
| R29 | Other | |
| R3 | Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location | |
| R30 | General | |
| R31 | Housing Supply and Markets | |
| R32 | Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis | |
| R33 | Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets | |
| R38 | Government Policy | |
| R39 | Other | |
| R4 | Transportation Economics | |
| R40 | General | |
| R41 | Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise | |
| R42 | Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning | |
| R48 | Government Pricing and Policy | |
| R49 | Other | |
| R5 | Regional Government Analysis | |
| R50 | General | |
| R51 | Finance in Urban and Rural Economies | |
| R52 | Land Use and Other Regulations | |
| R53 | Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock | |
| R58 | Regional Development Planning and Policy | |
| R59 | Other | |
| Y1 | Data: Tables and Charts | |
| Y10 | Data: Tables and Charts | |
| Y2 | Introductory Material | |
| Y20 | Introductory Material | |
| Y3 | Book Reviews (unclassified) | |
| Y30 | Book Reviews (unclassified) | |
| Y4 | Dissertations (unclassified) | |
| Y40 | Dissertations (unclassified) | |
| Y5 | Further Reading (unclassified) | |
| Y50 | Further Reading (unclassified) | |
| Y6 | Excerpts | |
| Y60 | Excerpts | |
| Y7 | No Author General Discussions | |
| Y70 | No Author General Discussions | |
| Y8 | Related Disciplines | |
| Y80 | Related Disciplines | |
| Y9 | Other | |
| Y90 | Other | |
| Y91 | Pictures and Maps | |
| Y92 | Novels, Self-Help Books, etc. | |
| Z00 | General | |
| Z1 | Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology | |
| Z10 | General | |
| Z11 | Economics of the Arts and Literature | |
| Z12 | Religion | |
| Z13 | Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification | |
| Z18 | Public Policy | |
| Z19 | Other | |
| Z2 | Sports Economics | |
| Z20 | General | |
| Z21 | Industry Studies | |
| Z22 | Labor Issues | |
| Z23 | Finance | |
| Z28 | Policy | |
| Z29 | Other | |
| Z3 | Tourism Economics | |
| Z30 | General | |
| Z31 | Industry Studies | |
| Z32 | Tourism and Development | |
| Z33 | Marketing and Finance | |
| Z38 | Policy | |
| Z39 | Other | |
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